Surface chemical modification refers to changing the structure and state of implant surface through chemical adsorption or reaction between titanium surface and the surface modifier . Anodization is one of the most commonly used chemical modified techniques to construct microtopographies, which is based on a potentiostatic or galvanostatic electrochemical oxidation of titanium surface using strong acids, including H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, HF, and so on. This technology would produce a thick porous layer of titanium oxide on the surface, which may stabilize the very thin and compact native oxide layer on the implant surface.
